AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
Sorry, I could not read the content fromt this page.Sorry, I could not read the content fromt this page.
Showing posts with label children. Show all posts
Showing posts with label children. Show all posts
Thursday, December 27, 2012
Sunday, December 23, 2012
Street children found dead in bin
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
The dumpster where the bodies of the five boys were found by a trash collector in Bijie City on Friday, November 16.Eight officials sacked or suspended over deaths of five boys in dumpsterChildren died from carbon monoxide poisoning after burning charcoal for heatAged between 9 and 13, the boys came from one extended familyUNICEF says one of China's biggest challenges is caring for "left behind children"
Dale Rutstein, UNICEF ChinaOne user on Sina Weibo, China's version of Twitter, wrote: "China is supposedly an intermediate developed country but still can't protect its own children. At the age when they should be enjoying a happy childhood these poor kids are wandering and dying on the streets." (@Datounaonao)Another said: "I just can't believe this is a story happening in my country today...where are the "relevant departments" doing on this? And "where are the kids' parents? Why give birth to children and then abandon them?" (@Dongsir)Days after their deaths, details of the boys' lives emerged in local press. They all belonged to the same extended family, the sons of three brothers.Two of the fathers, Tao Yuanwu and Tao Xueyuan, were rural migrants, who had moved from Guizhou to the special economic zone of Shenzhen near the Hong Kong border, where they worked as rubbish collectors.The other father, Tao Jinyou, a poor man who was said to work long hours tending fields, told Xinhua that he and his wife paid little attention to their own son, let alone their nephews."Sometimes they didn't even come home at night," he said. Persistent truants, the boys were said to have been missing for three weeks before they were found dead. "At first, I sent (my son) back to school by force," Tao said. "But every time he'd run away again, so I knew it was hopeless."var currExpandable="expand112";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2012/11/12/grant-china-migrant-struggle.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/121112040851-grant-china-migrant-struggle-00015427-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand112Store=mObj;var currExpandable="expand212";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2011/10/21/yoon-china-toddler-dies.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/111021014947-china-toddler-hospital-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand212Store=mObj;var currExpandable="expand312";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2011/12/08/cfp-grant-china-child-tafficking.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/111208040230-cfp-grant-china-child-tafficking-00012310-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand312Store=mObj;There are estimated to be more than 150,000 street children in China, according to official figures quoted by Xinhua. However, Dale Rutstein of UNICEF China said up to 1.5 million children were thought to be fending for themselves across the country but, given the fluid nature of homelessness, it was hard to keep track.Rutstein says the presence of street children is obvious in some cities, but it's safe to assume that many remain in rural towns, the byproduct of a huge demographic shift in China, as parents move to booming cities for work."It's not uncommon to see several children living in a household with an elderly couple in rural China. These are the left behind children. Right now people are coping the best they can," Rutstein said.It's estimated there are 55 million "left behind" children in China, the sons and daughters of 200 million migrant workers who have moved to the cities for a better life."We would say in UNICEF that that's one of the most significant challenges for China right now, because all the data shows these children have lower nutrition, suffer a higher rate of accidents and injuries and are at greater risk of abuse and exploitation," Rutstein said.State media reported that four of the five boys found dead in the dumpster were being cared for by their aging, blind grandmother who had difficulty caring for herself.A local resident told CCTV that neighbors had noticed the boys wandering the streets. "They took a shabby shed in a construction site near the dumpster and ate some discarded vegetables in the market and played football that they had picked up," he said.Last year, China's Ministry of Civil Affairs launched a nationwide campaign to return "vagrant" children to their homes. Once sent back, the children would be placed in government-run shelters, according to Xinhua.This tragedy is a wake-up call that something needs to be done to improve the working and living conditions of migrant workers.
China Daily"Street orphans should be placed in the care of welfare institutions or foster families if their guardians cannot be found," the article said, quoting the vice minister of civil affairs.Despite efforts to pull millions out of poverty in China over recent decades, the country still lacks modern child welfare systems seen in the West, Rutstein said."The concept of social workers, for instance, which is quite well known in Europe and North America, is very, very new in China. China's aware of this and there are many efforts in place right now to professionalize the whole system of social workers, to introduce alternatives to institutionalization, or just sending children to a state orphanage, which traditionally has been the main response to these kinds of situations," he said.An opinion piece published Wednesday in China Daily asked whether authorities were too quick to lay the blame on local officials and suggested that major changes were needed to reduce the number of "left behind children.""This tragedy is a wake-up call that something needs to be done to improve the working and living conditions of migrant workers, so they can settle in the cities where they work and enjoy the same rights as their urban counterparts. This would enable them to have their children live with them," it said.The plight of the dead children in Guizhou has been compared on social media to the tale of the Little Match Girl, a Hans Christian Anderson story of a girl ignored by the rich who froze to death after trying to warm herself with a lit match.On Wednesday, messages of condolences for the five boys were still being posted on Weibo."Hope they won't feel cold anymore in heaven," @Qingyu_aneya said.@KongXia added: "Rest in peace, don't reincarnate in China..."Referring to Beijing's decision to turn on the city's heating system two weeks early this year due to colder temperatures, one of China's most popular fairy tale writers, Zheng Yuanjie, posted: "Beijing spent 800 million [yuan] to start the heating system 15 days ahead of time, but you're out of the reach. Hope the 'The Little Match Boys' can forgive us in heaven."The boys were Tao Zhongjing, 12; Tao Zhonghong, 11; Tao Zhonglin, 13; Tao Chong, 12; and Tao Bo, 9.Wei Yuan Wen Min contributed to this report.
Check out CNN's latest news, commentary, photos, and videos on our China special section. December 14, 2012 -- Updated 0335 GMT (1135 HKT) 
Here are five key China stories that "On China" host Kristie Lu Stout has her eye on for 2013. December 11, 2012 -- Updated 1359 GMT (2159 HKT) 
CNN's Anna Coren reports on an entire Chinese family's struggle with HIV after the mother was infected in a hospital.December 3, 2012 -- Updated 1339 GMT (2139 HKT) 
When James Law looks in the mirror he sees weather reports, e-mails and his heart rate. China is looking to lead tech development in the "Internet of Things" industry.December 11, 2012 -- Updated 1422 GMT (2222 HKT) 
Without legal or political recourse to address their grievances, Tibetan protestors risk their lives, says the London-based Free Tibet.November 30, 2012 -- Updated 0713 GMT (1513 HKT) 
For centuries political satire has been a staple for much of Chinese humor, and remains so during the Communist era, writes CNN Beijing bureau chief Jaime FlorCruz.December 1, 2012 -- Updated 0823 GMT (1623 HKT) 
Prominent human rights advocate Chen Guangcheng told CNN his nephew's conviction in China was retribution for Chen's escape.November 16, 2012 -- Updated 1622 GMT (0022 HKT) 
As China anointed its new leadership, CNN asked five experts to explain what they see as the country's most pressing challenges.November 26, 2012 -- Updated 0728 GMT (1528 HKT) 
Mainland Chinese students lead international enrollment across U.S. higher education, including at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. 
Share with us your photos and videos of life in China-- the everyday China. The best content could be featured online or on air.
Today's five most popular stories
AppId is over the quota
The dumpster where the bodies of the five boys were found by a trash collector in Bijie City on Friday, November 16.Eight officials sacked or suspended over deaths of five boys in dumpsterChildren died from carbon monoxide poisoning after burning charcoal for heatAged between 9 and 13, the boys came from one extended familyUNICEF says one of China's biggest challenges is caring for "left behind children"Hong Kong (CNN) -- Eight Chinese officials have been fired or suspended after five boys died in a rubbish bin after suffocating on fumes from charcoal they burned to stay warm, according to state-run media.
The bodies of the boys, aged between 9 and 13, were found by a trash collector on Friday in Bijie in China's southwestern Guizhou province, Xinhua reported.They are believed to have died the night before, as rain fell and temperatures plunged to as low as six degrees Celsius (43 degrees Fahrenheit).Six officials have lost their jobs, including the principals of two local schools and four government officials in charge of education and civil affairs in Qixingguan district where Bijie is located. Two deputy heads from the same departments were also suspended pending an investigation.Users on China's social media platforms expressed shock and disgust, with some questioning how society could have allowed such young children to fall through the cracks.It's not uncommon to see several children living in a household with an elderly couple in rural China. These are the left behind children.Dale Rutstein, UNICEF ChinaOne user on Sina Weibo, China's version of Twitter, wrote: "China is supposedly an intermediate developed country but still can't protect its own children. At the age when they should be enjoying a happy childhood these poor kids are wandering and dying on the streets." (@Datounaonao)Another said: "I just can't believe this is a story happening in my country today...where are the "relevant departments" doing on this? And "where are the kids' parents? Why give birth to children and then abandon them?" (@Dongsir)Days after their deaths, details of the boys' lives emerged in local press. They all belonged to the same extended family, the sons of three brothers.Two of the fathers, Tao Yuanwu and Tao Xueyuan, were rural migrants, who had moved from Guizhou to the special economic zone of Shenzhen near the Hong Kong border, where they worked as rubbish collectors.The other father, Tao Jinyou, a poor man who was said to work long hours tending fields, told Xinhua that he and his wife paid little attention to their own son, let alone their nephews."Sometimes they didn't even come home at night," he said. Persistent truants, the boys were said to have been missing for three weeks before they were found dead. "At first, I sent (my son) back to school by force," Tao said. "But every time he'd run away again, so I knew it was hopeless."var currExpandable="expand112";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2012/11/12/grant-china-migrant-struggle.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/121112040851-grant-china-migrant-struggle-00015427-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand112Store=mObj;var currExpandable="expand212";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2011/10/21/yoon-china-toddler-dies.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/111021014947-china-toddler-hospital-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand212Store=mObj;var currExpandable="expand312";if(typeof CNN.expandableMap==='object'){CNN.expandableMap.push(currExpandable);}var mObj={};mObj.type='video';mObj.contentId='';mObj.source='world/2011/12/08/cfp-grant-china-child-tafficking.cnn';mObj.videoSource='CNN';mObj.videoSourceUrl='';mObj.lgImage="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/111208040230-cfp-grant-china-child-tafficking-00012310-story-body.jpg";mObj.lgImageX=300;mObj.lgImageY=169;mObj.origImageX="214";mObj.origImageY="120";mObj.contentType='video';CNN.expElements.expand312Store=mObj;There are estimated to be more than 150,000 street children in China, according to official figures quoted by Xinhua. However, Dale Rutstein of UNICEF China said up to 1.5 million children were thought to be fending for themselves across the country but, given the fluid nature of homelessness, it was hard to keep track.Rutstein says the presence of street children is obvious in some cities, but it's safe to assume that many remain in rural towns, the byproduct of a huge demographic shift in China, as parents move to booming cities for work."It's not uncommon to see several children living in a household with an elderly couple in rural China. These are the left behind children. Right now people are coping the best they can," Rutstein said.It's estimated there are 55 million "left behind" children in China, the sons and daughters of 200 million migrant workers who have moved to the cities for a better life."We would say in UNICEF that that's one of the most significant challenges for China right now, because all the data shows these children have lower nutrition, suffer a higher rate of accidents and injuries and are at greater risk of abuse and exploitation," Rutstein said.State media reported that four of the five boys found dead in the dumpster were being cared for by their aging, blind grandmother who had difficulty caring for herself.A local resident told CCTV that neighbors had noticed the boys wandering the streets. "They took a shabby shed in a construction site near the dumpster and ate some discarded vegetables in the market and played football that they had picked up," he said.Last year, China's Ministry of Civil Affairs launched a nationwide campaign to return "vagrant" children to their homes. Once sent back, the children would be placed in government-run shelters, according to Xinhua.This tragedy is a wake-up call that something needs to be done to improve the working and living conditions of migrant workers.
China Daily"Street orphans should be placed in the care of welfare institutions or foster families if their guardians cannot be found," the article said, quoting the vice minister of civil affairs.Despite efforts to pull millions out of poverty in China over recent decades, the country still lacks modern child welfare systems seen in the West, Rutstein said."The concept of social workers, for instance, which is quite well known in Europe and North America, is very, very new in China. China's aware of this and there are many efforts in place right now to professionalize the whole system of social workers, to introduce alternatives to institutionalization, or just sending children to a state orphanage, which traditionally has been the main response to these kinds of situations," he said.An opinion piece published Wednesday in China Daily asked whether authorities were too quick to lay the blame on local officials and suggested that major changes were needed to reduce the number of "left behind children.""This tragedy is a wake-up call that something needs to be done to improve the working and living conditions of migrant workers, so they can settle in the cities where they work and enjoy the same rights as their urban counterparts. This would enable them to have their children live with them," it said.The plight of the dead children in Guizhou has been compared on social media to the tale of the Little Match Girl, a Hans Christian Anderson story of a girl ignored by the rich who froze to death after trying to warm herself with a lit match.On Wednesday, messages of condolences for the five boys were still being posted on Weibo."Hope they won't feel cold anymore in heaven," @Qingyu_aneya said.@KongXia added: "Rest in peace, don't reincarnate in China..."Referring to Beijing's decision to turn on the city's heating system two weeks early this year due to colder temperatures, one of China's most popular fairy tale writers, Zheng Yuanjie, posted: "Beijing spent 800 million [yuan] to start the heating system 15 days ahead of time, but you're out of the reach. Hope the 'The Little Match Boys' can forgive us in heaven."The boys were Tao Zhongjing, 12; Tao Zhonghong, 11; Tao Zhonglin, 13; Tao Chong, 12; and Tao Bo, 9.Wei Yuan Wen Min contributed to this report.
Check out CNN's latest news, commentary, photos, and videos on our China special section. December 14, 2012 -- Updated 0335 GMT (1135 HKT) Here are five key China stories that "On China" host Kristie Lu Stout has her eye on for 2013. December 11, 2012 -- Updated 1359 GMT (2159 HKT) CNN's Anna Coren reports on an entire Chinese family's struggle with HIV after the mother was infected in a hospital.December 3, 2012 -- Updated 1339 GMT (2139 HKT) When James Law looks in the mirror he sees weather reports, e-mails and his heart rate. China is looking to lead tech development in the "Internet of Things" industry.December 11, 2012 -- Updated 1422 GMT (2222 HKT) Without legal or political recourse to address their grievances, Tibetan protestors risk their lives, says the London-based Free Tibet.November 30, 2012 -- Updated 0713 GMT (1513 HKT) For centuries political satire has been a staple for much of Chinese humor, and remains so during the Communist era, writes CNN Beijing bureau chief Jaime FlorCruz.December 1, 2012 -- Updated 0823 GMT (1623 HKT) Prominent human rights advocate Chen Guangcheng told CNN his nephew's conviction in China was retribution for Chen's escape.November 16, 2012 -- Updated 1622 GMT (0022 HKT) As China anointed its new leadership, CNN asked five experts to explain what they see as the country's most pressing challenges.November 26, 2012 -- Updated 0728 GMT (1528 HKT) Mainland Chinese students lead international enrollment across U.S. higher education, including at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Share with us your photos and videos of life in China-- the everyday China. The best content could be featured online or on air.Today's five most popular storiesWednesday, July 18, 2012
Health news Watchdog barks at stories about health of children and dogs
An article published in Pediatrics, Respiratory tract diseases during the first year of life: effect of dog and cat contacts "is getting a lot of attention in the news, but more than misses what most of these stories generally Miss: you cannot prove cause and effect from an observational study. And there are major limitations on research based on people keeping diaries and answer questionnaires.
The study concludes:
".. dog contacts may have a protective effect on the respiratory tract infections during the first year of life. Our findings support the theory that, during the first year of life, contacts are important, possibly leading to greater resistance to infectious respiratory diseases during childhood "
The Wall Street Journal reported:
"While the study controlled just under 400 babies, the researchers said that the results were statistically significant because it relied on questionnaires completed by parents. weekly" (Our reaction: huh? This sentence makes no sense. Statistical significance is not determined by filling out questionnaires from parents.)
WebMD reported:
"It is not clear why live with a dog makes a difference." (Our reaction: it is not clear that living with a dog makes a difference. Making a difference means you have already proved the cause and effect and this study did not do it.)
HealthDay reported:
"Exhibition of cats also showed a protective effect, but was not as strong as the effect of exposure of the dog". (Our reaction: no protective effect was created in this observational study.)
None of these news organizations earlier and any of the following mentioned the limitations of observational studies and that it is not possible to establish a causal relationship. Reuters Health nor the Los Angeles Times, or CNN. (90 minutes later Addendum: Nor CBS. Or TIME.com. Neither the Toronto Star. )
From our early morning sweep, just a news story of my HealthNewsDaily the MSNBC.com included what we were looking for:
"The relationship between pets and less infections held even when the researchers took into account factors known to affect infection rates of infants, how to breastfeed and number of brothers. Still, the researchers acknowledged that it could not account for all factors and noted that they found a correlation, not a relationship of cause and effect. "
That wasn't so hard, was it?
Our usual reminder: journalists and consumers must read our booklet, "the language fits the evidence? Association Versus causation. "
Friday, June 22, 2012
Health Tip: Keep Magnets Away From Children
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
(HealthDay News) -- Small magnets that dislodge from toys or products for adults pose choking and ingestion hazards. If swallowed by young children, they can lead to choking or serious injury to the stomach and digestive tract.
The American Academy of Pediatrics mentions these guidelines for parents to help prevent magnet-related injuries:
Never allow very young children to play with or touch objects that contain magnets.Carefully watch older children who play with such toys.Don't purchase large sets of magnets, in groups of more than 100, because it's difficult to keep track of any that are missing.Make sure teens understand the serious dangers of using magnets as fake piercings.-- Diana Kohnle 
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
Health Tip: Keep Magnets Away From Children
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
(HealthDay News) -- Small magnets that dislodge from toys or products for adults pose choking and ingestion hazards. If swallowed by young children, they can lead to choking or serious injury to the stomach and digestive tract.
The American Academy of Pediatrics mentions these guidelines for parents to help prevent magnet-related injuries:
Never allow very young children to play with or touch objects that contain magnets.Carefully watch older children who play with such toys.Don't purchase large sets of magnets, in groups of more than 100, because it's difficult to keep track of any that are missing.Make sure teens understand the serious dangers of using magnets as fake piercings.-- Diana Kohnle Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
Monday, June 18, 2012
In search of lost sleep: Secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents
a Health and Use of Time (HUT) Group, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australiab Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australiac School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, AustraliaReceived 7 January 2011. Revised 18 March 2011. Accepted 18 March 2011. Available online 25 May 2011.View full text Sleep deficits are associated with a wide range of detrimental physical and mental health outcomes. There is concern that children are not getting enough sleep, and that sleep duration has been declining. However, evidence is sparse.A systematic review of world literature was conducted to locate studies reporting the sleep duration of children aged 5–18 years. Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate pseudodata from summary data, which were combined with raw data and analysed by linear regression of sleep duration on year of measurement at the age × sex × day type × country level.Data were available on 690,747 children from 20 countries, dating from 1905 to 2008. From these data, 641 regressions were derived. The sample-weighted median rate of change was -0.75 min nightly per year, indicating a decrease of more than 1 h per night over the study period. Rates of change were negative across age, sex and day type categories, but varied according to region, with Europe, the USA, Canada and Asia showing decreases and Australia, the UK and Scandinavia showing increases.Over the last 103 years, there have been consistent rapid declines in the sleep duration of children and adolescents.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep duration; Children; Adolescents; Trends
View Within ArticleTable 2. Rates of change (minutes per day per year) in sleep duration according to sex, age, day type and geographical location.Significant differences were found across age groups (with the exception of 13–15 and 16–18 year-old age categories), sexes, regions and between different day types (P < 0.05).k = number of regressions assessed; n = sample size; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
Figures and tables from this article:
Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart for the search.View Within ArticleFig. 2. Funnel plots of changes in sleep duration (Y-axis, min/year) against the span of years for each regression, and the total sample size for each regression (X-axes). The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year).View Within ArticleFig. 3. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for age (Fig. 3a), sex (Fig. 3b) and day type (Fig. 3c) sub-groups. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleFig. 4. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for different regions. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleFig. 5. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for different year periods. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleTable 1. Search strategy used for each database.View Within ArticleTable 2. Rates of change (minutes per day per year) in sleep duration according to sex, age, day type and geographical location.Significant differences were found across age groups (with the exception of 13–15 and 16–18 year-old age categories), sexes, regions and between different day types (P < 0.05).k = number of regressions assessed; n = sample size; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');In search of lost sleep: Secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents
a Health and Use of Time (HUT) Group, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australiab Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australiac School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, AustraliaReceived 7 January 2011. Revised 18 March 2011. Accepted 18 March 2011. Available online 25 May 2011.View full text Sleep deficits are associated with a wide range of detrimental physical and mental health outcomes. There is concern that children are not getting enough sleep, and that sleep duration has been declining. However, evidence is sparse.A systematic review of world literature was conducted to locate studies reporting the sleep duration of children aged 5–18 years. Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate pseudodata from summary data, which were combined with raw data and analysed by linear regression of sleep duration on year of measurement at the age × sex × day type × country level.Data were available on 690,747 children from 20 countries, dating from 1905 to 2008. From these data, 641 regressions were derived. The sample-weighted median rate of change was -0.75 min nightly per year, indicating a decrease of more than 1 h per night over the study period. Rates of change were negative across age, sex and day type categories, but varied according to region, with Europe, the USA, Canada and Asia showing decreases and Australia, the UK and Scandinavia showing increases.Over the last 103 years, there have been consistent rapid declines in the sleep duration of children and adolescents.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep duration; Children; Adolescents; TrendsView Within ArticleTable 2. Rates of change (minutes per day per year) in sleep duration according to sex, age, day type and geographical location.Significant differences were found across age groups (with the exception of 13–15 and 16–18 year-old age categories), sexes, regions and between different day types (P < 0.05).k = number of regressions assessed; n = sample size; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
Figures and tables from this article:
Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart for the search.View Within ArticleFig. 2. Funnel plots of changes in sleep duration (Y-axis, min/year) against the span of years for each regression, and the total sample size for each regression (X-axes). The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year).View Within ArticleFig. 3. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for age (Fig. 3a), sex (Fig. 3b) and day type (Fig. 3c) sub-groups. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleFig. 4. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for different regions. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleFig. 5. Box plots showing sample-weighted rates of change for different year periods. The dashed line is the sample-weighted median rate of change (-0.75 min/year). k = number of regressions assessed; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleTable 1. Search strategy used for each database.View Within ArticleTable 2. Rates of change (minutes per day per year) in sleep duration according to sex, age, day type and geographical location.Significant differences were found across age groups (with the exception of 13–15 and 16–18 year-old age categories), sexes, regions and between different day types (P < 0.05).k = number of regressions assessed; n = sample size; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');Sunday, June 17, 2012
Does treatment of SDB in children improve cardiovascular outcome?
Available online 29 May 2012
In Press, Corrected Proof — Note to users
The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, AustraliaReceived 9 December 2011. Revised 20 April 2012. Accepted 20 April 2012. Available online 29 May 2012.View full text Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a common disorder in both adults and children and is caused by the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. Unlike adults, most cases of paediatric SDB are due to the presence of enlarged tonsils and adenoids, thus the main treatment option is adenotonsillectomy (T&A). It is well known that obstructive sleep apnoea in adults increases the risk for hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke, and there is now mounting evidence that SDB also has a significant impact on the cardiovascular system in children with reports of elevated blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction and altered autonomic cardiovascular control. As there is now substantial evidence that elevated blood pressure in childhood is carried on to adulthood it is important to know if treatment of SDB improves cardiovascular outcomes. Studies in adults have shown that treatment of SDB leads to improvements in cardiovascular function, including a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, systemic blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction. However, studies exploring the outcomes of treatment of SDB in children on the cardiovascular system are limited and varied in their methodology and outcome measures. As a number of cardiovascular disturbances are sequelae of SDB, early detection and management could result in the reduction of elevated blood pressure in children, and consequently a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood. The aim of this review is to summarise the findings of studies to date which have investigated the cardiovascular outcomes in children treated for SDB and to make recommendations for future management of this very common disease.prs.rt("abs_end");Adenotonsillectomy; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular; Children; Hypoxaemia; Inflammation; Obstructive sleep apnoea; Sleep disordered breathing; TreatmentFigures and tables from this article:
Fig. 1. The effects of treatment on the cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea in children. The tick indicates studies that show improvement in the cardiovascular outcome with treatment, the question mark indicates study results are conflicting or that the treatment effects are unknown. OSA indicates obstructive sleep apnoea; RV, right ventricle; BP, blood pressure. Adapted from Bhattacharjee et al., 2009.49View Within ArticleTable 1. Summary of studies investigating the effect of treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in children treated for SDB.AHI – apnoea hypopnoea index; ApoB – apolipoprotein B; BP – blood pressure; BNP – brain natriuretic peptide; CRP – c-reactive protein; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; ET-1 – endothelin-1; HR – heart rate; IL-6 – interleukin 6; IL-10 – interleukin 10; LV – left ventricular; mo – month; N/A – not available; NIPPV – non-invasive positive ventilation; NOB – non-obese group; NT-proBNP – N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; OB – obese group; ODI – oxygen desaturation index; OSA – obstructive sleep apnoea; P – prospective; PR – pulse rate; PRV – pulse rate variability; PS – primary snoring; R – retrospective; RV – right ventricular; S – primary snoring; SBP – systolic blood pressure; SD – standard deviation; SDP – sleep disordered breathing; T&A – adenotonsillectomy; w – week; y – year.View Within ArticleCrown copyright © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');Does treatment of SDB in children improve cardiovascular outcome?
Available online 29 May 2012
In Press, Corrected Proof — Note to usersThe Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, AustraliaReceived 9 December 2011. Revised 20 April 2012. Accepted 20 April 2012. Available online 29 May 2012.View full text Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a common disorder in both adults and children and is caused by the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. Unlike adults, most cases of paediatric SDB are due to the presence of enlarged tonsils and adenoids, thus the main treatment option is adenotonsillectomy (T&A). It is well known that obstructive sleep apnoea in adults increases the risk for hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke, and there is now mounting evidence that SDB also has a significant impact on the cardiovascular system in children with reports of elevated blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction and altered autonomic cardiovascular control. As there is now substantial evidence that elevated blood pressure in childhood is carried on to adulthood it is important to know if treatment of SDB improves cardiovascular outcomes. Studies in adults have shown that treatment of SDB leads to improvements in cardiovascular function, including a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, systemic blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction. However, studies exploring the outcomes of treatment of SDB in children on the cardiovascular system are limited and varied in their methodology and outcome measures. As a number of cardiovascular disturbances are sequelae of SDB, early detection and management could result in the reduction of elevated blood pressure in children, and consequently a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood. The aim of this review is to summarise the findings of studies to date which have investigated the cardiovascular outcomes in children treated for SDB and to make recommendations for future management of this very common disease.prs.rt("abs_end");Adenotonsillectomy; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular; Children; Hypoxaemia; Inflammation; Obstructive sleep apnoea; Sleep disordered breathing; TreatmentFigures and tables from this article:
Fig. 1. The effects of treatment on the cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea in children. The tick indicates studies that show improvement in the cardiovascular outcome with treatment, the question mark indicates study results are conflicting or that the treatment effects are unknown. OSA indicates obstructive sleep apnoea; RV, right ventricle; BP, blood pressure. Adapted from Bhattacharjee et al., 2009.49View Within ArticleTable 1. Summary of studies investigating the effect of treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in children treated for SDB.AHI – apnoea hypopnoea index; ApoB – apolipoprotein B; BP – blood pressure; BNP – brain natriuretic peptide; CRP – c-reactive protein; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; ET-1 – endothelin-1; HR – heart rate; IL-6 – interleukin 6; IL-10 – interleukin 10; LV – left ventricular; mo – month; N/A – not available; NIPPV – non-invasive positive ventilation; NOB – non-obese group; NT-proBNP – N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; OB – obese group; ODI – oxygen desaturation index; OSA – obstructive sleep apnoea; P – prospective; PR – pulse rate; PRV – pulse rate variability; PS – primary snoring; R – retrospective; RV – right ventricular; S – primary snoring; SBP – systolic blood pressure; SD – standard deviation; SDP – sleep disordered breathing; T&A – adenotonsillectomy; w – week; y – year.View Within ArticleCrown copyright © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');Saturday, June 16, 2012
Restrain Your Children
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
April 6, 2012 / Vol. 61 / No. RR–2
Good Laboratory Practices for Biochemical Genetic Testing and Newborn Screening for Inherited Metabolic Disorders
CE Available
This report provides recommendations for good laboratory practices for biochemical genetic testing and newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders. The recommended practices address the benefits of using a quality management system approach, factors to consider before introducing new tests, establishment and verification of test performance specifications, the total laboratory testing process, confidentiality of patient information and test results, and personnel qualifications and responsibilities for laboratory testing for inherited metabolic diseases. These recommendations are intended for laboratories that perform biochemical genetic testing to improve the quality of laboratory services and for newborn screening laboratories to ensure the quality of laboratory practices for inherited metabolic disorders. These recommendations also are intended as a resource for medical and public health professionals who evaluate laboratory practices, for users of laboratory services to facilitate their collaboration with newborn screening systems and use of biochemical genetic tests, and for standard-setting organizations and professional societies in developing future laboratory quality standards and practice recommendations.
Sunday, June 3, 2012
Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future
Sun Young Rosalia Yoona, b, 
, 
, , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
, , , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleFigures and tables from this article:
Table 1. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future
Sun Young Rosalia Yoona, b, , , , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
, , , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleFigures and tables from this article:
Table 1. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future
Sun Young Rosalia Yoona, b, , , , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
, , , Umesh Jainb, e, , Colin Shapiroa, c, d, f, a Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canadab Child, Youth and Family Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 352-250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canadac Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canadad Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre, CanadaReceived 5 April 2011. Revised 1 July 2011. Accepted 5 July 2011. Available online 26 October 2011.View full text The understanding that sleep can give rise to, or exacerbate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and that good sleep hygiene improves attention and concentration tasks has sparked interest in the investigation of possible etiological relationships between sleep disorders and ADHD.Studies indicate that 30% of children and 60–80% of adults with ADHD have symptoms of sleep disorders such as daytime sleepiness, insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, fractured sleep, restless legs syndrome, and sleep disordered breathing. The range and diversity of findings by different researchers have posed challenges in establishing whether sleep disturbances are intrinsic to ADHD or whether disturbances occur due to co-morbid sleep disorders. As a result, understanding of the nature of the relationship between sleep disturbances/disorders and ADHD remains unclear.In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical account of the research that has been carried out to investigate the association between sleep and ADHD, as well as discuss mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the elusive relationship between sleep disturbances, sleep disorders, and ADHD.prs.rt("abs_end");Sleep architecture; Sleep disturbances; Sleep disordered breathing; Restless legs; Periodic limb movements; ADHD; Circadian cycleFigures and tables from this article:
Table 1. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEP = major depressive episode, C(P/T)RS-R:S = Conner’s (parent/teacher) rating scale-revised: short forms, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, IQ = intelligence quotient, LD = learning disability, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SD = standard deviation.View Within ArticleTable 2. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with ADHD with objective methods.AHI = Apnea hypopnea index, BD = bipolar disorder, CD = conduct disorder, DEX = dextro-amphetamine, DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, LD = learning disability, MD = major depression, MPH = methylphenidate, MSLT = multiple sleep latency test, ODD = oppositional defiant disorder, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep, SAD = separation anxiety disorder, SDB = sleep disordered breathing, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency, SOT = sleep onset time,TSP = total sleep period.View Within ArticleTable 3. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with subjective methods.ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD-C = ADHD of the combined subtype, ADHD-H/I = ADHD of the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, ADHD-I = ADHD of the inattentive subtype, ASRS = adult self report scale, CSM = composite scale of morningness, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS - Epworth sleepiness scale, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.View Within ArticleTable 4. Studies of sleep disturbances in adults with ADHD with objective methods.DEX = dextro-amphetamine, BRD = brief recurrent depression, MDD = major depressive disorder, MPH = methylphenidate, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement, SE = sleep efficiency, SOL = sleep onset latency.View Within ArticleCopyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.prs.rt('data_end');
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)
